In this 2002 seminal veterinary journal article on the use of the LA/Ao in detecting left atrial enlargement - Left atrial to aortic root indices using two-dimensional and m-mode echocardiography in cavalier king charles spaniels with and without left atrial enlargement - authors Kerstin Hansson, Jens Haggstrom, Clarence Kvart, and Peter Lord warned against blindly relying upon the LA/Ao as the ultimate determinant of LA enlargement
[6] Preclinical studies in animal models suggest that GLP-1 receptor activation may: Promote neuroplasticity and neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) in the hippocampus, a region often showing reduced volume in depression Modulate neurotransmitter systems , particularly dopamine and serotonin pathways involved in mood regulation and reward processing Reduce neuroinflammation , which is increasingly recognised as contributing to depressive disorders Enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, a protein crucial for neuronal health and resilience Metabolic improvements associated with GLP-1 therapy may also contribute indirectly to mood benefits
This is a must-read for anyone looking to deepen their understanding of: 1) Innate and Adaptive Immunity: How different immune cells, both resident and migrating, can either promote or suppress pain
Choline metabolism plays a central role in macrophage activation towards both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions (67, 69)
Ordoez-Mora et al., 2022)
Slepchenko et al
