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Why Bariatric Surgery Disrupts B12 Absorption B12 absorption requires two things: stomach acid (to release B12 from food) and a molecule called intrinsic factor (made by stomach cells called parietal cells)
supplements of selenium of 200 g/d (as selenium yeast or selenomethionine), generally considered to be safe, have been associated with toxic effects (alopecia, dermatitis, squamous cell carcinoma, type-2 diabetes mellitus, high-grade prostate cancer) in North Americans ( Reference Lippman, Klein and Goodman 106 Reference Stranges, Marshall and Natarajan 108 )
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While significant breakthroughs have been achieved in multimodal modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and dynamics, persisting challenges include incomplete elucidation of molecular regulatory networks and genetic foundations, limitations of single-pathway intervention strategies in achieving multi-target coordination, and technical barriers imposed by the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that hinder clinical translation of mitochondrial-targeted therapies (Meng et al., 2024)
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