According to FDA-approved prescribing information, gastrointestinal adverse effects occur commonly with these medications, with nausea reported in 16-44% of patients, vomiting in 6-24%, and abdominal pain or distension in 5-18%, depending on the specific medication and dosage
Hall, A
GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) Delayed gastric emptying (lowers appetite and promotes extended satiation) Increased secretion of insulin Lowered glucose levels GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide) Increased uptake and storage of glucose Elevated fatty acid uptake Increased secretion of insulin GCG (Glucagon) Elevated lipolysis and energy expenditure Increased secretion of insulin Promotion of satiety (feeling full) Prior work on developing triple receptor agonist molecules shows a synergistic effect between GLP-1, GIP and GCG when said molecule is optimized to adequately target their respective receptors
If these disparities are not addressed, they could further widen the gap in health outcomes between different racial groups (Artiga & Hill, 2024)
doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.03.023
In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, metagenomic analyses reveal that GLP-1RAs induce structural and functional remodeling of gut microbial communities, ameliorating dysbiosis and improving host metabolic homeostasis (Shang et al., 2021)