Short-term effects versus long-term unknowns
4.1 GSH/GSSG Regulation in Cancer, Treatment Resistance, and Ferroptosis Some cancer cells increase SLC7A11-dependent cystine uptake, GSH synthesis, NADPH production, or glutathione peroxidase activity under oxidative pressure
Mechanisms include: Increased oxidative stress Glutathione depletion Mitochondrial toxicity Induction of liver detox enzymes Importantly, GGT can rise even with moderate, socially acceptable alcohol intake , especially in genetically susceptible individuals
Additionally, peptides like BPC-157 may regulate inflammatory proteins and enzymes, helping to reduce chronic inflammation and accelerate recovery from injuries or surgeries
M2 macrophages exhibit angiogenic and proinvasive properties, producing growth factors, chemokines, and MMPs that stimulate tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis (93), particularly facilitating tumor cell extravasation and growth in secondary sites
This slow onset is typical of herbal nootropics