Animal-model evidence consistently shows local effects: angiogenesis at the injury site (VEGF upregulation), growth-factor signaling (EGF, FGF), nitric oxide pathway modulation, and accelerated tendon-to-bone interface healing in rat Achilles transection studies
Online Metabolic & Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York 2001:3897-933 6
Does the mechanistic rationale for SS-31 translate into measurable benefits
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you can think of them as partial segments of longer amino acid chains
Note, the same group also reported a therapy with a prominent beneficial effect on various stomach lesions after administration of BPC 157 (Xue et al., 2004b)